Another contains green plants and three algal groups. The other three supergroups listed in the three tables below contain the other protists, many of them which cause disease. In addition, there is a large number of protist groups whose relationships are not understood. In the three supergroups represented here we have indicated the phyla to which the listed pathogens belong.
The taxonomy of parasitic worms, all of which belong to the kingdom Animalia still contains many uncertainties. The pathogenic species are found in two phyla: the Nematoda, or roundworms, and the Platyhelminthes, or flat worms. The Nematoda is tentatively divided into two classes [7] , one of which, Chromadorea, probably contains unrelated groups. The parasitic flatworms are contained within three classes of flatworm, of which two are important to humans, the trematodes and the cestodes. Skip to main content.
Search for:. Taxonomy of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms Bacterial Pathogens The following tables list the species, and some higher groups, of pathogenic Eubacteria mentioned in the text. Table 1. Phylum Firmicutes Class Genus Species Related Diseases Bacilli Bacillus anthracis Anthrax Bacillus cereus Diarrheal and emetic food poisoning Listeria monocytogenes Listeriosis Enterococcus faecalis Endocarditis, septicemia, urinary tract infections, meningitis Staphylococcus aureus Skin infections, sinusitis, food poisoning Staphylococcus epidermidis Nosocomial and opportunistic infections Staphylococcus hominis Opportunistic infections Staphylococcus saprophyticus Urinary tract infections Streptococcus agalactiae Postpartum infection, neonatal sepsis Streptococcus mutans Tooth decay Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumonia, many other infections Streptococcus pyogenes Pharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, necrotizing fasciittis Clostridia Clostridium botulinum Botulinum poisoning Clostridium difficile Colitis Clostridium perfringens Food poisoning, gas gangrene Clostridium tetani Tetanus Table 5.
Phylum Proteobacteria Class Genus Species Related Diseases Alphaproteobacteria Anaplasma phagocytophilum Human granulocytic anaplasmosis Bartonella henselae Peliosis hepatitis, bacillary angiomatosis, endocarditis, bacteremia Bartonella quintana Trench fever Brucella melitensis Ovine brucellosis Ehrlichia chaffeensis Human monocytic ehrlichiosis Rickettsia prowazekii Epidemic typhus Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia typhi Murine typhus Betaproteobacteria Bordetella pertussis Pertussis Eikenella Bite-injury infections Neisseria gonorrhoeae Gonorrhea Neisseria meningitidis Meningitis Spirillum minus alt.
Table Hibbett et al. McNeill et al. Oberreifenerg, Germany. Koeltz Scientific Books; Names are organized into a hierarchical system The hierarchical system of the official nomenclature is as follows: only the popular ones are given Phylum or Division : at present, the phylum rank is not controlled by the Prokaryotic Code.
Oren et al. Class: The type of a class is one of the orders. The class is named after the type genus of the type order of the class. Order : The type of an order is one of the genera. The order name is named after the type genus of the order. The order Pseudomonadales is named after the type genus Pseudomonas. Family : In general, the family name is named after the type genus of the family, e.
The family Pseudomonadaceae is named after the type genus Pseudomonas. Genus Species Subspecies : Subspecies are created only when it is necessary. I think that many subspecies should be re-evaluated using genomics as they are mainly classified by single or a few phenotypes. For example, an important probiotic species, Lactobacillus delbrueckii contains six subspecies. Rank Suffix Example Order -ales Pseudomonadales Suborder -ineae Pseudomonadineae Family -aceae Pseudomonadaceae Genus Pseudomonas Species Pseudomonas aeruginosa These names are given by the scientists who propose the species and assign it to a genus.
Naturally, any species can be assigned in this hierarchical system; however, this is not always implemented. Officially, a species must be classified in a known genus but assigning that genus to a family, then an order and so on is optional.
Of course, anyone can propose the family Thermicanaceae by publishing the proposal. How can a name be validated more precisely, validly published? As mentioned previously, the names are controlled by the Prokaryotic Code. To get a name validated, the name should be included in one of the lists described below.
Please also note that there is no official bacterial taxonomy. Please see this example. Anyone who cares about the science should make sure that any effectively published names be validated by sending the publication pdf to IJSEM with proof that for species and subspecies the designated type strain is available without restrictions from at least two public culture collections located in different countries. This can be done by anyone including authors.
This is an example of the Validation List. Invalid names: Unfortunately, there are several cases where a name could not be validated. The publication does not meet the minimal requirements of the Code. These minimal requirements will be explained later. Names not validly published are given in quotation marks, e.
The minimal and only requirements for validation of names of new species and subspecies according to the Prokaryotic Code are: A type strain must be designated. Sometimes, a paper describing a new species does not mention which strain is the type strain.
In such cases, the name cannot be validated. The type strain should be deposited to two culture collections in two different countries. This ensures that the type strain remains available also for example when a culture collection discontinues its activity or loses the strain. The type strain must be available to anyone through the culture collections.
Patent strains cannot serve as type strains. If you want to patent a strain and restrict the distribution, it cannot serve as the nomenclatural type for a species or subspecies. A proper etymology and description should be given see below.
Why using the right names is important Bacterial names are designed to be scientifically organized to give biological insights based on phylogeny; this is possible using the hierarchical taxonomic system. For example, we think that the species Escherichia coli shares more phenotypic characters with other Escherichia species than with a Bacillus species. Therefore, using the right names is critical in interpreting microbiome and other types of data.
Unfortunately, there are still many names that are in the wrong places in the current nomenclature. For example, Clostridium scindens has been known for its important role in bile acid metabolism of human gut microbiota and still has the name of Clostridium. However, it is not even close to the genus Clostridium and should be classified in a new genus in the family Lachnospiraceae.
The authentic Clostridium would be placed under the family Clostridiaceae. A few other examples related to the human microbiome are given below from our past blog posts: Taxonomy of Clostridium clusters XIVa and IV Identification of Ruminococcus sp. Under the formal nomenclature, these species will never get their name validly published. For Candidatus names, there are no pure cultures, or isolates, therefore no type strains. Candidatus names are not governed by the Prokaryotic Code, so they do not belong in the formal nomenclature thus are not ruled by the Prokaryotic Code.
A typical example is Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique This species contains uncultured or cultured bacteria from the ocean and is probably the most abundant species on earth, so it must be very important [ Learn more ].
The reason that it has never been validated is that the species can be cultured, but not in a way, or scale that can be used by culture collections for long-term storage. Hence, the minimal requirement of the Code cannot be fulfilled. In addition, the specific epithet ubique is malformed. Not all Candidatus taxa are well characterized as the rank of Candidatus is not regulated by the Prokaryotic Code. Often, the first things that come to mind when we think about microbes in the built environment are damage, decay, discolouration and staining to building materials and their surfaces.
Tuberculosis TB is a debilitating multi-organ disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The most important form of the disease is pulmonary TB, an infection of the lungs and respiratory tract.
The threat of antimicrobial resistance AMR has now been recognised globally and it is estimated that 10 million people a year will die due to antimicrobial resistance by if no urgent action is taken. Species within the genus Pseudomonas are amongst the most researched bacteria in the scientific community. Bacteria in this genus are widely used as model organisms in microbial research, and include a range of important species in fields such as plant pathogenicity, bioremediation, and environmental microbiology.
As well as being hugely important in the medical and pharmaceutical industries, Streptomyces also play a significant environmental role; contributing to the decomposition of organic matter, and fertility of the soil.
Microbiology Today : Mycobacteria. Science Photo Library. Building bacterial bridges. Tuberculosis Explainer. Antimicrobial resistance. Pseudomonas - friend and foe. Homepage Why Microbiology Matters What is microbiology? Bacteria Bacteria are single celled microbes.
Survival mechanism Some bacteria can form endospores. Observing bacteria in a Petri dish Educational resource for students: Observing bacteria cultures in a Petri dish and learning about colony morphology.
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